七言律诗节奏、句法、结构新论

有关七言诗艺术特征的讨论通常是从与五言诗比较的角度展开的。五言加上两字，究竟引起了何种不同的审美效果，这似乎是古今批评家最为关注的问题。本文运用文学细读和语言学分析方法，在节奏、句法、结构三个不同层次上对此课题进行较为深入的研究。在节奏层次上，七律所增二字的点化作用在于创造了崭新的4+3 韵律节奏，同时又把五言的2+3 节奏扩充为2+2+3 节奏。所增二字的点化作用延伸到句法的层次，崭新的复合题评句以及表示因果、虚拟等复杂关系的主谓复句便应运而生了。同时，随着这两大类基本句型不断扩充，律诗中引入更多的散文句，并衍生出七律中特有的各种拗句。这种点化所引起的“连锁反应”最后出现在结构的层次之上。律诗起承转合属于一种二元结构和叠加结构混合体，但诗人又可妙用句式来减少或增加四联之间的缝隙，从而将其分别改造为序列结构和断裂结构。节奏、句法、结构多样化的创新造就了七律“言灵变而意深远”的诗境。

In the studies of Chinese poetry, the art of heptasyllabic regulated verse is typically explored through comparisons with pentasyllabic poetry. What differences in aesthetic effect have resulted from the addition of two characters to each line? This is the question that has consumed both traditional and modern critics over one millennium. Applying the methods of close reading and linguistic analysis, this paper examines how the addition of two characters has yielded significant changes in rhythms, syntax, and structures and consequently produced a new vision of poetry, marked by its graceful language and its profundity of meaning.