产业本地化到市民本地化：“飞地经济”的城市化过程与驱动力研究

中国快速城镇化的背景下，“飞地经济”作为一种特殊的城镇化形式，存在重 视产业资本积累与产业空间建设而忽视消费 空间培植及市民生活的繁荣的问题。本研究 的目的在于分析“飞地经济”中涌现出的半 城市化现象的形成、地方政府和企业如何驱 动产业发展到市民生活建立的的过程机制。 本研究立足新马克思主义地理学理论，建构 基于新马克思主义地理学理论的城市化分析 框架，通过上海张江平湖园的研究，考察飞 地产业园在招商引资、运营园区、完善设施 与服务等过程中的政府与企业对城市化过程 起到的塑造作用。研究发现：第一，在飞地 产业园发展中，政策支持与市场需求倒逼是 城市化过程的两个重要影响因素；第二，政 府驱动飞地产业园发展本质是对资本积累的 透支使用；第三，不同于产业本地化和设施 与服务本地化主要通过政府主导供给的模式 发展，市民本地化的关键动力来源于需求导 向的倒逼。本研究对新型城镇化理论作出理 论与实证两方面的贡献。

In the context of China's rapid urbanization, enclave economies have emerged as a distinctive growth model characterized by the spatial decoupling of industrial parks from urban centers. These economies prioritize industrial capital accumulation and the spatial development of production facilities but often neglect the cultivation of consumer spaces and the enrichment of urban lifestyles. This study investigates the peri-urban phenomena that arise in industrial enclaves and explores the mechanisms through which local governments and enterprises drive the transition from industrial development to urban lifestyle. Grounded in neo-Marxist geography, the research constructs a framework to analyze the urbanization processes of enclave economies, focusing on three phases: industrial localization, infrastructural and service localization, and lifestyle localization. Using Zhangjiang Pinghu Park in Shanghai as a case study, the research employs qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews with government officials, enterprise leaders, and employees, to identify the driving forces behind the urbanization process and its associated challenges.The findings reveal three key insights. Firstly, policy support and market-driven demand are two critical factors shaping the urbanization process in enclave industrial parks. State-led planning and incentives of promotion for cadres serve as the primary drivers of early-stage development, attracting enterprises through favorable policies and infrastructure investments. At the same time, market forces play a crucial role in shaping the demand for urban spaces, particularly in the later phases of urbanization. Secondly, the state's role in promoting enclave industrial parks is fundamentally characterized by the preemptive utilization of capital accumulation. Local governments often invest heavily in infrastructure and public services ahead of actual demand to attract industries and foster industrial growth. This approach reflects a strategic use of spatial planning to address capital surplus issues, as described in neo-Marxist theories, but with a uniquely Chinese emphasis on state-led development. Thirdly, while industrial and infrastructural localization are primarily supply-driven processes led by government interventions, lifestyle localization relies heavily on demand-driven mechanisms. The creation of consumer, cultural, and recreational spaces is essential for fostering a stable residential population, but these spaces are often underdeveloped in the initial stages of enclave urbanization.In the case of Zhangjiang Pinghu Park, the lack of adequate consumer spaces and cultural amenities has hindered the formation of a cohesive urban community, leading to significant work-life imbalances and difficulties in retaining talent. Many employees commute daily from nearby urban centers rather than residing in the park, while others view their employment as temporary, further limiting the park's potential for long-term urban vitality. Infrastructural and service localization in Zhangjiang Pinghu Park has been driven by strong government support, including investments in transportation networks, educational facilities, and healthcare services. These efforts have significantly enhanced the park's attractiveness to enterprises and workers, but the development of consumer-oriented spaces has lagged behind. For instance, while the park has succeeded in attracting high-tech industries and creating jobs, its lack of commercial and recreational spaces has limited its appeal as a place for long-term residence and lifestyle integration.The study concludes that the urbanization of industrial enclave is a stepwise process that requires distinct strategies at each stage. Industrial localization focuses on attracting enterprises and generating economic activity, infrastructural and service localization emphasizes the development of physical and social infrastructure, and citizen localization involves creating consumer-oriented spaces to foster vibrant urban lifestyles. The transition from one phase to the next is not automatic but requires coordinated efforts by governments and market actors to address evolving demands and ensure sustainable development. This research contributes to the theoretical and empirical understanding of new urbanization in China by highlighting the dynamic interplay between state-led planning and market-driven demand in the context of enclave economies. It underscores the importance of balancing work life dynamics, developing consumption spaces, and fostering social cohesion to achieve long-term urban vitality. By bridging the gap between industrial and citizen localization, enclave economies like Zhangjiang Pinghu Park can serve as models for sustainable and inclusive urbanization, particularly in regions seeking to integrate industrial growth with urban development. Future research should explore comparative analyses of enclave economies in other regions, such as the Greater Bay Area, to refine the understanding of their urbanization mechanisms and identify best practices for fostering sustainable development.