从口译标准到口译规范: 口译评估模式建构的探索

口译评估研究于 20 世纪 80 年代后期兴起后，成为口译研究的一个主要方面。早期研究以寻找静态的口译质量 标准为目标，主要采用面向译员或口译用户的调查法，确定评估标准和参数。近年来，研究界开始意识到口译评估的复 杂性，口译质量是一个动态的概念，涉及诸多变量，口译质量与口译活动的各方参与者、现场工作条件、口译场景乃至社 会文化环境都有关系。因此，口译质量及其评估的研究宜采取对现场口译系统描写的方法，而非寻找静态的口译质量标 准所能解决。本文在系统梳理口译评估研究脉络的基础上，提出以口译规范为基础的译员能力评估模式和以口译规范 为基础的口译质量评价模式。

As a major aspect of interpreting studies, the research into interpreting assessment dates back to the late 1980s. Early re- search had focused on identifying criteria and parameters of interpreting quality on the basis of survey results conducted among interpreters or interpreting users. However, research in recent years seems to point to a rather complex research object, discovering that interpreting quality bears on such variables as participants, working conditions, interpreting scenarios and socio-cultural environment and thus becomes a dynamic concept. The solution to such a complex issue, therefore, lies not in searching for static interpreting criteria, but in systematic description of authentic interpreting activities. As an initial theoretical exploration, this article proposes two interpreting assessment models based on description of norms in interpreting-one for the assessment of interpreter' s competence, the other for the assessment of interpreter' s performance.