朱熹复原理解论系统之重构 : 两种“以意逆志”理解实践和阐述的结合

由于不满汉儒断章取义的解诗传统，朱熹不仅提出了“章句以纲之，训诂以纪之，讽咏以昌之，涵濡以体之”四重维度的学诗法。在更高的理論层次上，这一学诗法实际上构成了一个双层次“以意逆志”的复原理解论。第一层次是开展章句训诂，舍弃对文辞实指的穿凿释义，同时又进行摆脱理念说教的动态结构分析，其中特别强调通过“兴”去把握诗篇文本的空隙，从而复原诗之本义。第二层次是超文本层面的理解，即在把握诗篇结构、文本之意的基础上，反复熟读涵泳，以求感通圣人之志。这两种紧密关联的“以意逆志”理解活动，使文本理解的实与虚贯通条畅，且从基本文意的理解上升到超文本层次的精神升华。朱熹这个四维度、双层次的理解论，可谓将孟子“以意逆志”说的潜能发挥到极致，实乃集古代文学理解论体系之大成。

Dissatisfied with Han exegets’ cannibalistic interpretation of the Book of Poetry 诗经 (hereafter the Poetry), Zhu Xi 朱熹 pioneered a four-fold approach to studying the Poetry: 1) perceiving an inherent order of sections and sentences; 2) conducting rigorous philological investigations; 3) reading aloud and chanting; 4) immersive reading. On a higher theoretical level, this four-fold approach constitutes a two-level reconstructive theory of interpretation within the broad framework of Mencius’s statement “Yi yi ni zhi” 以意逆志 (“Tracing the authorial intent through readerly conception/textual meanings”). The first level is a rigorous process of textual interpretation focused on philological glossing and structural analysis, while the second level is primarily a trans-textual endeavor of chanting and immersive reading that ultimately leads to communion with the transformed minds of ancient sages. This dual-level theory is by far the most original and most systematic of all theories of interpretation developed in premodern China.