淫祠、偏財神與淫神 : 論《夷堅志》中的五通

五通 - 是盛行於江浙一帶的淫祠之神；五通崇拜至明清為鼎盛。（宋）洪邁《夷堅志》，是第一部記載五通的文言小說。《夷堅志》中，有十多則有關五通的故事。本文就淫祠、偏財神和淫神三個切入點來探討《夷堅志》中的五通故事。淫祠就是官方祀典以外之祀，《夷堅志》十多篇文章中，每篇或多或少都涉及淫祠崇拜。淫祠篇章中，涉及有趣的「造神」、立祠過程。此外，五通之祀，亦充滿神秘的邪神色彩。淫祠色彩最重的，就是以「人犧」（以人作為祭品）祀五通。五通的「造神」、立祠過程，往往涉及對祀眾施以利誘的部份。五通崇拜能盛行於宋（以至明清），就涉及「利」；五通便以「偏財神」（賜民以橫財）「神格」，橫行於宋代。五通賜偏財的故事，往往涉及驟富、驟貧；喜、悲交錯的描寫。除「偏財神」外，五通更以「淫神」名著宋代。婦女遭五通淫污，既帶來痛感，如遺血、遺精、產下畸胎；亦有具備潛藏快感之敘述。被污婦人具「痛感」與「快感」的吊詭心理，可能反映了性渴求與道德壓抑兩者的衝突，有類遇上夢魔（incubus）的情況。

In the past Wutong worship was popular especially in the southern part of China. Yijian Zhi is the first fiction to record Wutong worship. This article studies fifteen Wutong stories in Yijian Zhi from the views of unorthodox worship, wealth and lust. The three stories "Hu Shi Cheng Wu", "Dujiao Wutong" and "Hujie Wulang" reflect the unorthodox worship of Wutong among people of the Song Dynasty in which human-sacrifice was the most terrible worship-rite. In "Kong Lao Chong" and "Dujiao Wutong", Wutong acts as the god of wealth. Wealth that Wutong bestowed could easily vanish if Wutong took to disliking. Unexpected wealth can bring happiness as well as unhappiness to the prrotagonists. Besides the god of wealth, Wutong is also the god of lust. In "Jiangnan Muke" and "Wu Langjun", Wutong acts as the god of lust. One interesting point is that the victims would have mixed feelings of grief and hurt as well as some hidden joyful pleasure. The paradoxical feeling may reflect the strong sexual desire on one hand as well as the overwhelming moralistic pressure on the other hand, similar to the situation of meeting an incubus.