湯顯祖“閑”的美學

本文討論湯顯祖于萬曆二十六年(1598)上計時決然逆轉仕途方向,棄官休居臨川,遠思近觀下,對人生處境的新理解。本文嘗試從其轉化中的人生觀進而探討湯顯祖對境而生的"閑"情和可能涉及的美境。湯顯祖上計期間自棄續任遂昌知縣,不但表達他對人生方向的想法,更重要的是同時表現出他"性情"的底蘊。我們推想他家居臨川後,對山水、詩文甚至戲曲的美學態度和價值,都逐漸成熟。人生安身於立"功"求名的領域還是心靈歸依"閑"逸的世界,是他一直在探索的課題。家居後接觸到的閒人閑境,令他更瞭解自己的真正心靈需求和生活方式。從另一角度看,由於他心靈向度的轉化和提高,使他從日常生活裡悟出"閑"的美學境界。

<eng>This paper discusses Tang Xianzu's new perception of life after the suspension of his career and taking a break at Linchuan, his home town. During his stay at home, Tang Xianzu tried to examine his own feelings on“relaxation” and the true beauty he encountered .Tang Xianzu resigned from his post as a district officer in Suichang after he went to the capital to report duty. His resignation not only crystalized his thoughts on the meaning of life,but more importantly signify the nature of his ‘temperament ’. This paper investigates the aesthetic value of landscape, poetry and even opera of TangXianzu in the most productive period of his life. This paper examines his true spiritual needs after he had been in the position of the transformation in which he found the way of improvement of his spiritual life. He had attained anunderstanding of the aesthetic value through which the realm of “relaxation of his daily life was attained.