Adaptive Finite Time Command Filtered Backstepping Control for Optimal Oxygen Excess Ratio of Hydrogen Fuel Cells With Unknown Air Compressor Faults

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are a core pillar of the clean energy transition, drawing widespread attention for their high efficiency and eco-friendly energy conversion. Maintaining an optimal oxygen excess ratio (OER) is critical to balancing the efficiency, durability, and dynamic performance of PEMFC systems, but this task faces inherent nonlinearities, external disturbances, and unpredictable concurrent air compressor faults—challenges that traditional control strategies struggle to address simultaneously. Its core innovations are reflected in three aspects. First, it establishes a unified adaptive control architecture to address the performance limitations of existing command-filtered backstepping frameworks under air compressor fault conditions. Rigorous Lyapunov stability analysis verifies the closed-loop stability under parameter perturbations. Second, it develops a new fault-tolerant control paradigm to ensure the finite-time convergence of the OER under multiple concurrent unknown faults of the air compressor, without relying on external fault diagnosis modules. Third, its practical feasibility is verified through controller-hardware-in-the-loop (C-HIL) experiments. Compared with mainstream methods, the adaptive finite-time command-filtered backstepping (AFTCFB) controller exhibits better tracking accuracy, smaller overshoot, and faster fault recovery speed.