我国专利侵权损害赔偿界定公式的经济学分析

与普通物质财产不同，知识产权侵权行为具有“非零和性”，即权利人的损失不等于侵权人的获利。侵权是进入市场的一种( 非法) 手段。该手段为侵权人带来的收益和为权利人带来的损失，均依赖于市场竞争状况。通过建立寡头市场专利侵权竞争模型，对最高人民法院 2014 年《关于审理专利纠纷案件适用法律问题的若干规定》中两个界定公式进行经济分析的结果表明，该规定中实际损失界定公式低估了权利人的实际损失，另一公式侵权人实际获利法在市场竞争程度低时低估了权利人的实际损失，在市场竞争程度较高时高估了其实际损失。因此，法院应明确指出现有界定公式的系统偏差，修改相关界定公式，并引导法庭在个案中考虑市场竞争因素，以减少和避免对权利人实际损失的界定误差。

Unlike tangible assets, infringement of intellectual properties exhibits an "non-zero-sum" feature, namely that the losses caused to the patentee do not equal to the gains of the infringer. Patent infringing enables the infringer to enter the market (albeit illegally). The size of the gains to the infringer and the resulting losses to the patentee depends on the competitive environment. We build an oligopolistic competition model with infringement to examine the "actual loss formula" and the "illegal gain formula" introduced by the Supreme People’s Court of China in its 2014 Guidelines on Assessment of Patent Disputes. We find that the "actual loss formula" underestimated the actual profit losses of the patentee and the "illegal gain formula" underestimate the actual losses if the degree of competition in patented product market is low and underestimates the actual losses if the degree of competition is high. It is recommended that the Supreme People’s Court revise the current formulas and incorporate explicit economic reasoning in its revised guidelines.