Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age

Viren SWAMI; Ulrich S. TRAN; Stefan STIEGER; Toivo AAVIK; Hamed Abdollahpour RANJBAR; Sulaiman Olanrewaju ADEBAYO; Reza AFHAMI; Oli AHMED; Annie AIMÉ; Marwan AKEL; Hussam AL HALBUSI; George ALEXIAS; Khawla F. ALI; Nursel ALP-DAL; Anas B. ALSALHANI; Sara ÁLVARES-SOLAS; Ana Carolina AMARAL; Sonny ANDRIANTO; Trefor ASPDEN; Marios ARGYRIDES; John Jamir ARUTA; Stephen ATKIN; Olusola AYANDELE; Migle BACEVICIENE; Radvan BAHBOUH; Andrea BALLESIO; David BARRON; Ashleigh BELLARD; Sóley Sesselja BENDER; Kerime Derya BEYDAĞ; Gorana BIROVLJEVIĆ; Marie-Ève BLACKBURN; Teresita BORJA-ALVAREZ; Joanna BOROWIEC; Miroslava BOZOGÁŇOVÁ; Solfrid BRATLAND-SANDA; Matthew H.E.M. BROWNING; Anna BRYTEK-MATERA; Marina BURAKOVA; Yeliz ÇAKIR-KOÇAK; Pablo CAMACHO; Vittorio Emanuele CAMILLERI; Valentina CAZZATO; Silvia CEREA; Apitchaya CHAIWUTIKORNWANICH; Trawin CHALEERAKTRAKOON; Tim CHAMBERS; Qing-Wei CHEN; Xin CHEN; Chin-Lung CHIEN; Phatthanakit CHOBTHAMKIT; Bovornpot CHOOMPUNUCH; Emilio J. COMPTE; Jennifer CORRIGAN; Getrude COSMAS; Richard G. COWDEN; Kamila CZEPCZOR-BERNAT; Marcin CZUB; Wanderson Roberto DA SILVA; Mahboubeh DADFAR; Simon E. DALLEY; Lionel DANY; Jesus Alfonso DATU; Pedro Henrique BERBERT DE CARVALHO; Gabriel Lins COELHO; Avila Odia DE JESUS; Sonia Harzallah DEBBABI; Sandesh DHAKAL; Francesca DI BERNARDO; Donka D. DIMITROVA; Jacinthe DION; Barnaby DIXSON; Stacey M. DONOFRIO; Marius DRYSCH; Hongfei DU; Angel M. DZHAMBOV; Claire EL-JOR; Violeta ENEA; Mehmet ESKIN; Farinaz FARBOD; Lorleen FARRUGIA; Leonie FIAN; Maryanne L. FISHER; Michał FOLWARCZNY; David A. FREDERICK; Matthew FULLER-TYSZKIEWICZ; Adrian FURNHAM; Antonio Alías GARCÍA; Shulamit GELLER; Marta GHISI; Alireza GHORBANI; Maria Angeles MARTINEZ; Sarah GRADIDGE; Sylvie GRAF; Caterina GRANO; Gyöngyvér GYENE; Souheil HALLIT; Motasem HAMDAN; Jonathan E. HANDELZALTS; Paul H.P. HANEL; Steven R. HAWKS; Issa HEKMATI; Mai HELMY; Tetiana HILL; Farah HINA; Geraldine HOLENWEGER; Martina HŘEBÍČKOVÁ; Olasupo Augustine IJABADENIYI; Asma IMAM; Başak İNCE; Natalia IRRAZABAL; Rasa JANKAUSKIENE; Ding-Yu JIANG; Micaela JIMÉNEZ-BORJA; Verónica JIMÉNEZ-BORJA; Evan M. JOHNSON; Veljko JOVANOVIĆ; Marija JOVIĆ; Marko JOVIĆ; Alessandra Costa JUNQUEIRA; Lisa-Marie KAHLE; Adam KANTANISTA; Ahmet KARAKIRAZ; Ayşe Nur KARKIN; Erich KASTEN; Salam KHATIB; Nuannut KHIEOWAN; Patricia Joseph KIMONG; Litza KIROPOULOS; Joshua KNITTEL; Neena KOHLI; Mirjam KOPRIVNIK; Aituar KOSPAKOV; Magdalena KRÓL-ZIELIŃSKA; Isabel KRUG; Garry KUAN; Yee Cheng KUEH; Omar KUJAN; Miljana KUKIĆ; Sanjay KUMAR; Vipul KUMAR; Nishtha LAMBA; Mary Anne LAURI; Maria Fernanda LAUS; Liza April LEBLANC; Hyejoo J. LEE; Małgorzata LIPOWSKA; Mariusz LIPOWSKI; Caterina LOMBARDO; Andrea LUKÁCS; Christophe MAÏANO; Sadia MALIK; Mandar MANJARY; Lidia Márquez BALDÓ; Martha MARTINEZ-BANFI; Karlijn MASSAR; Camila MATERA; Olivia MCANIRLIN; Moisés Roberto MEBARAK; Anwar MECHRI; Juliana Fernandes MEIRELES; Norbert MESKO; Jacqueline MILLS; Maya MIYAIRI; Ritu MODI; Adriana MODRZEJEWSKA; Justyna MODRZEJEWSKA; Kate E. MULGREW; Taryn A. MYERS; Hikari NAMATAME; Mohammad Zakaria NASSANI; Amanda NERINI; Félix NETO; Joana NETO; Angela Noguiera NEVES; Siu-Kuen NG; Devi NITHIYA; Jiaqing O; Sahar OBEID; Camila ODA-MONTECINOS; Peter Olamakinde OLAPEGBA; Tosin Tunrayo OLONISAKIN; Salma Samir OMAR; Brynja ÖRLYGSDÓTTIR; Emrah ÖZSOY; Tobias OTTERBRING; Sabine PAHL; Maria Serena PANASITI; Yonguk PARK; Muhammad Mainuddin PATWARY; Tatiana PETHÖ; Nadezhda PETROVA; Jakob PIETSCHNIG; Sadaf POURMAHMOUD; Vishnunarayan Girishan PRABHU; Vita POŠTUVAN; Pavol PROKOP; Virginia L. RAMSEYER WINTER; Magdalena RAZMUS; Taotao RU; Mirjana RUPAR; Reza N. SAHLAN; Mohammad Salah HASSAN; Anđela ŠALOV; Saphal SAPKOTA; Jacob Owusu SARFO; Yoko SAWAMIYA; Katrin SCHAEFER; Michael SCHULTE-MECKLENBECK; Veya SEEKIS; Kerim SELVI; Mehdi SHARIFI; Anita SHRIVASTAVA; Rumana Ferdousi SIDDIQUE; Valdimar SIGURDSSON; Vineta SILKANE; Ana ŠIMUNIĆ; Govind SINGH; Alena SLEZÁČKOVÁ; Christine SUNDGOT-BORGEN; Gill TEN HOOR; Passagorn TEVICHAPONG; Arun TIPANDJAN; Jennifer TODD; Constantinos TOGAS; Fernando TONINI; Juan Camilo TOVAR-CASTRO; Lise Katrine TRANGSRUD; Pankaj TRIPATHI; Otilia TUDOREL; Tracy L. TYLKA; Anar UYZBAYEVA; Zahir VALLY; Edmunds VANAGS; Luis Diego VEGA; Aitor VICENTE-ARRUEBARRENA; Jose VIDAL-MOLLÓN; Roosevelt VILAR; Hyxia VILLEGAS; Mona VINTILĂ; Christoph WALLNER; Mathew P. WHITE; Simon WHITEBRIDGE; Sonja WINDHAGER; Kah Yan WONG; Eric Kenson YAU; Yuko YAMAMIYA; Victoria Wai YEUNG; Marcelo Callegari ZANETTI; Magdalena ZAWISZA; Nadine ZEENI; Martina ZVARÍKOVÁ; Martin VORACEK

doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.010

Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age

Viren SWAMI^*, Ulrich S. TRAN, Stefan STIEGER, Toivo AAVIK, Hamed Abdollahpour RANJBAR, Sulaiman Olanrewaju ADEBAYO, Reza AFHAMI, Oli AHMED, Annie AIMÉ, Marwan AKEL, Hussam AL HALBUSI, George ALEXIAS, Khawla F. ALI, Nursel ALP-DAL, Anas B. ALSALHANI, Sara ÁLVARES-SOLAS, Ana Carolina AMARAL, Sonny ANDRIANTO, Trefor ASPDEN, Marios ARGYRIDESJohn Jamir ARUTA, Stephen ATKIN, Olusola AYANDELE, Migle BACEVICIENE, Radvan BAHBOUH, Andrea BALLESIO, David BARRON, Ashleigh BELLARD, Sóley Sesselja BENDER, Kerime Derya BEYDAĞ, Gorana BIROVLJEVIĆ, Marie-Ève BLACKBURN, Teresita BORJA-ALVAREZ, Joanna BOROWIEC, Miroslava BOZOGÁŇOVÁ, Solfrid BRATLAND-SANDA, Matthew H.E.M. BROWNING, Anna BRYTEK-MATERA, Marina BURAKOVA, Yeliz ÇAKIR-KOÇAK, Pablo CAMACHO, Vittorio Emanuele CAMILLERI, Valentina CAZZATO, Silvia CEREA, Apitchaya CHAIWUTIKORNWANICH, Trawin CHALEERAKTRAKOON, Tim CHAMBERS, Qing-Wei CHEN, Xin CHEN, Chin-Lung CHIEN, Phatthanakit CHOBTHAMKIT, Bovornpot CHOOMPUNUCH, Emilio J. COMPTE, Jennifer CORRIGAN, Getrude COSMAS, Richard G. COWDEN, Kamila CZEPCZOR-BERNAT, Marcin CZUB, Wanderson Roberto DA SILVA, Mahboubeh DADFAR, Simon E. DALLEY, Lionel DANY, Jesus Alfonso DATU, Pedro Henrique BERBERT DE CARVALHO, Gabriel Lins COELHO, Avila Odia DE JESUS, Sonia Harzallah DEBBABI, Sandesh DHAKAL, Francesca DI BERNARDO, Donka D. DIMITROVA, Jacinthe DION, Barnaby DIXSON, Stacey M. DONOFRIO, Marius DRYSCH, Hongfei DU, Angel M. DZHAMBOV, Claire EL-JOR, Violeta ENEA, Mehmet ESKIN, Farinaz FARBOD, Lorleen FARRUGIA, Leonie FIAN, Maryanne L. FISHER, Michał FOLWARCZNY, David A. FREDERICK, Matthew FULLER-TYSZKIEWICZ, Adrian FURNHAM, Antonio Alías GARCÍA, Shulamit GELLER, Marta GHISI, Alireza GHORBANI, Maria Angeles MARTINEZ, Sarah GRADIDGE, Sylvie GRAF, Caterina GRANO, Gyöngyvér GYENE, Souheil HALLIT, Motasem HAMDAN, Jonathan E. HANDELZALTS, Paul H.P. HANEL, Steven R. HAWKS, Issa HEKMATI, Mai HELMY, Tetiana HILL, Farah HINA, Geraldine HOLENWEGER, Martina HŘEBÍČKOVÁ, Olasupo Augustine IJABADENIYI, Asma IMAM, Başak İNCE, Natalia IRRAZABAL, Rasa JANKAUSKIENE, Ding-Yu JIANG, Micaela JIMÉNEZ-BORJA, Verónica JIMÉNEZ-BORJA, Evan M. JOHNSON, Veljko JOVANOVIĆ, Marija JOVIĆ, Marko JOVIĆ, Alessandra Costa JUNQUEIRA, Lisa-Marie KAHLE, Adam KANTANISTA, Ahmet KARAKIRAZ, Ayşe Nur KARKIN, Erich KASTEN, Salam KHATIB, Nuannut KHIEOWAN, Patricia Joseph KIMONG, Litza KIROPOULOS, Joshua KNITTEL, Neena KOHLI, Mirjam KOPRIVNIK, Aituar KOSPAKOV, Magdalena KRÓL-ZIELIŃSKA, Isabel KRUG, Garry KUAN, Yee Cheng KUEH, Omar KUJAN, Miljana KUKIĆ, Sanjay KUMAR, Vipul KUMAR, Nishtha LAMBA, Mary Anne LAURI, Maria Fernanda LAUS, Liza April LEBLANC, Hyejoo J. LEE, Małgorzata LIPOWSKA, Mariusz LIPOWSKI, Caterina LOMBARDO, Andrea LUKÁCS, Christophe MAÏANO, Sadia MALIK, Mandar MANJARY, Lidia Márquez BALDÓ, Martha MARTINEZ-BANFI, Karlijn MASSAR, Camila MATERA, Olivia MCANIRLIN, Moisés Roberto MEBARAK, Anwar MECHRI, Juliana Fernandes MEIRELES, Norbert MESKO, Jacqueline MILLS, Maya MIYAIRI, Ritu MODI, Adriana MODRZEJEWSKA, Justyna MODRZEJEWSKA, Kate E. MULGREW, Taryn A. MYERS, Hikari NAMATAME, Mohammad Zakaria NASSANI, Amanda NERINI, Félix NETO, Joana NETO, Angela Noguiera NEVES, Siu-Kuen NG, Devi NITHIYA, Jiaqing O, Sahar OBEID, Camila ODA-MONTECINOS, Peter Olamakinde OLAPEGBA, Tosin Tunrayo OLONISAKIN, Salma Samir OMAR, Brynja ÖRLYGSDÓTTIR, Emrah ÖZSOY, Tobias OTTERBRING, Sabine PAHL, Maria Serena PANASITI, Yonguk PARK, Muhammad Mainuddin PATWARY, Tatiana PETHÖ, Nadezhda PETROVA, Jakob PIETSCHNIG, Sadaf POURMAHMOUD, Vishnunarayan Girishan PRABHU, Vita POŠTUVAN, Pavol PROKOP, Virginia L. RAMSEYER WINTER, Magdalena RAZMUS, Taotao RU, Mirjana RUPAR, Reza N. SAHLAN, Mohammad Salah HASSAN, Anđela ŠALOV, Saphal SAPKOTA, Jacob Owusu SARFO, Yoko SAWAMIYA, Katrin SCHAEFER, Michael SCHULTE-MECKLENBECK, Veya SEEKIS, Kerim SELVI, Mehdi SHARIFI, Anita SHRIVASTAVA, Rumana Ferdousi SIDDIQUE, Valdimar SIGURDSSON, Vineta SILKANE, Ana ŠIMUNIĆ, Govind SINGH, Alena SLEZÁČKOVÁ, Christine SUNDGOT-BORGEN, Gill TEN HOOR, Passagorn TEVICHAPONG, Arun TIPANDJAN, Jennifer TODD, Constantinos TOGAS, Fernando TONINI, Juan Camilo TOVAR-CASTRO, Lise Katrine TRANGSRUD, Pankaj TRIPATHI, Otilia TUDOREL, Tracy L. TYLKA, Anar UYZBAYEVA, Zahir VALLY, Edmunds VANAGS, Luis Diego VEGA, Aitor VICENTE-ARRUEBARRENA, Jose VIDAL-MOLLÓN, Roosevelt VILAR, Hyxia VILLEGAS, Mona VINTILĂ, Christoph WALLNER, Mathew P. WHITE, Simon WHITEBRIDGE, Sonja WINDHAGER, Kah Yan WONG, Eric Kenson YAU, Yuko YAMAMIYA, Victoria Wai YEUNG, Marcelo Callegari ZANETTI, Magdalena ZAWISZA, Nadine ZEENI, Martina ZVARÍKOVÁ, Martin VORACEK

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Journal Publications › Journal Article (refereed) › peer-review

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Abstract

The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset – with data collected between 2020 and 2022 – to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	449-466
Number of pages	18
Journal	Body Image
Volume	46
Early online date	13 Aug 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.010
Publication status	Published - Sept 2023

Bibliographical note

CRediT authorship contribution statement:
Viren Swami: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Validation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Project administration. Ulrich S. Tran: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – original draft; Stefan Stieger: Conceptualization; Methodology; Validation; Writing – review & editing; Martin Voracek: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing. All Remaining Authors: Data curation; Investigation; Writing – review & editing.

Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Keywords

Body appreciation
Body appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2)
Measurement invariance
Cross-cultural
Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA)
Psychometrics
Structural analysis

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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body image paperFinal published version, 1.57 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

SWAMI, V., TRAN, U. S., STIEGER, S., AAVIK, T., RANJBAR, H. A., ADEBAYO, S. O., AFHAMI, R., AHMED, O., AIMÉ, A., AKEL, M., AL HALBUSI, H., ALEXIAS, G., ALI, K. F., ALP-DAL, N., ALSALHANI, A. B., ÁLVARES-SOLAS, S., AMARAL, A. C., ANDRIANTO, S., ASPDEN, T., ... VORACEK, M. (2023). Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age. Body Image, 46, 449-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.010

@article{842cfc3119294189998bf494740d8680,

title = "Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age",

abstract = "The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset – with data collected between 2020 and 2022 – to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.",

keywords = "Body appreciation, Body appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), Measurement invariance, Cross-cultural, Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), Psychometrics, Structural analysis",

author = "Viren SWAMI and TRAN, {Ulrich S.} and Stefan STIEGER and Toivo AAVIK and RANJBAR, {Hamed Abdollahpour} and ADEBAYO, {Sulaiman Olanrewaju} and Reza AFHAMI and Oli AHMED and Annie AIM{\'E} and Marwan AKEL and {AL HALBUSI}, Hussam and George ALEXIAS and ALI, {Khawla F.} and Nursel ALP-DAL and ALSALHANI, {Anas B.} and Sara {\'A}LVARES-SOLAS and AMARAL, {Ana Carolina} and Sonny ANDRIANTO and Trefor ASPDEN and Marios ARGYRIDES and ARUTA, {John Jamir} and Stephen ATKIN and Olusola AYANDELE and Migle BACEVICIENE and Radvan BAHBOUH and Andrea BALLESIO and David BARRON and Ashleigh BELLARD and BENDER, {S{\'o}ley Sesselja} and BEYDAĞ, {Kerime Derya} and Gorana BIROVLJEVI{\'C} and Marie-{\`E}ve BLACKBURN and Teresita BORJA-ALVAREZ and Joanna BOROWIEC and Miroslava BOZOG{\'A}{\v N}OV{\'A} and Solfrid BRATLAND-SANDA and BROWNING, {Matthew H.E.M.} and Anna BRYTEK-MATERA and Marina BURAKOVA and Yeliz {\c C}AKIR-KO{\c C}AK and Pablo CAMACHO and CAMILLERI, {Vittorio Emanuele} and Valentina CAZZATO and Silvia CEREA and Apitchaya CHAIWUTIKORNWANICH and Trawin CHALEERAKTRAKOON and Tim CHAMBERS and Qing-Wei CHEN and Xin CHEN and Chin-Lung CHIEN and Phatthanakit CHOBTHAMKIT and Bovornpot CHOOMPUNUCH and COMPTE, {Emilio J.} and Jennifer CORRIGAN and Getrude COSMAS and COWDEN, {Richard G.} and Kamila CZEPCZOR-BERNAT and Marcin CZUB and {DA SILVA}, {Wanderson Roberto} and Mahboubeh DADFAR and DALLEY, {Simon E.} and Lionel DANY and DATU, {Jesus Alfonso} and {BERBERT DE CARVALHO}, {Pedro Henrique} and COELHO, {Gabriel Lins} and {DE JESUS}, {Avila Odia} and DEBBABI, {Sonia Harzallah} and Sandesh DHAKAL and {DI BERNARDO}, Francesca and DIMITROVA, {Donka D.} and Jacinthe DION and Barnaby DIXSON and DONOFRIO, {Stacey M.} and Marius DRYSCH and Hongfei DU and DZHAMBOV, {Angel M.} and Claire EL-JOR and Violeta ENEA and Mehmet ESKIN and Farinaz FARBOD and Lorleen FARRUGIA and Leonie FIAN and FISHER, {Maryanne L.} and Micha{\l} FOLWARCZNY and FREDERICK, {David A.} and Matthew FULLER-TYSZKIEWICZ and Adrian FURNHAM and GARC{\'I}A, {Antonio Al{\'i}as} and Shulamit GELLER and Marta GHISI and Alireza GHORBANI and MARTINEZ, {Maria Angeles} and Sarah GRADIDGE and Sylvie GRAF and Caterina GRANO and Gy{\"o}ngyv{\'e}r GYENE and Souheil HALLIT and Motasem HAMDAN and HANDELZALTS, {Jonathan E.} and HANEL, {Paul H.P.} and HAWKS, {Steven R.} and Issa HEKMATI and Mai HELMY and Tetiana HILL and Farah HINA and Geraldine HOLENWEGER and Martina H{\v R}EB{\'I}{\v C}KOV{\'A} and IJABADENIYI, {Olasupo Augustine} and Asma IMAM and Ba{\c s}ak {\.I}NCE and Natalia IRRAZABAL and Rasa JANKAUSKIENE and Ding-Yu JIANG and Micaela JIM{\'E}NEZ-BORJA and Ver{\'o}nica JIM{\'E}NEZ-BORJA and JOHNSON, {Evan M.} and Veljko JOVANOVI{\'C} and Marija JOVI{\'C} and Marko JOVI{\'C} and JUNQUEIRA, {Alessandra Costa} and Lisa-Marie KAHLE and Adam KANTANISTA and Ahmet KARAKIRAZ and KARKIN, {Ay{\c s}e Nur} and Erich KASTEN and Salam KHATIB and Nuannut KHIEOWAN and KIMONG, {Patricia Joseph} and Litza KIROPOULOS and Joshua KNITTEL and Neena KOHLI and Mirjam KOPRIVNIK and Aituar KOSPAKOV and Magdalena KR{\'O}L-ZIELI{\'N}SKA and Isabel KRUG and Garry KUAN and KUEH, {Yee Cheng} and Omar KUJAN and Miljana KUKI{\'C} and Sanjay KUMAR and Vipul KUMAR and Nishtha LAMBA and LAURI, {Mary Anne} and LAUS, {Maria Fernanda} and LEBLANC, {Liza April} and LEE, {Hyejoo J.} and Ma{\l}gorzata LIPOWSKA and Mariusz LIPOWSKI and Caterina LOMBARDO and Andrea LUK{\'A}CS and Christophe MA{\"I}ANO and Sadia MALIK and Mandar MANJARY and BALD{\'O}, {Lidia M{\'a}rquez} and Martha MARTINEZ-BANFI and Karlijn MASSAR and Camila MATERA and Olivia MCANIRLIN and MEBARAK, {Mois{\'e}s Roberto} and Anwar MECHRI and MEIRELES, {Juliana Fernandes} and Norbert MESKO and Jacqueline MILLS and Maya MIYAIRI and Ritu MODI and Adriana MODRZEJEWSKA and Justyna MODRZEJEWSKA and MULGREW, {Kate E.} and MYERS, {Taryn A.} and Hikari NAMATAME and NASSANI, {Mohammad Zakaria} and Amanda NERINI and F{\'e}lix NETO and Joana NETO and NEVES, {Angela Noguiera} and Siu-Kuen NG and Devi NITHIYA and Jiaqing O and Sahar OBEID and Camila ODA-MONTECINOS and OLAPEGBA, {Peter Olamakinde} and OLONISAKIN, {Tosin Tunrayo} and OMAR, {Salma Samir} and Brynja {\"O}RLYGSD{\'O}TTIR and Emrah {\"O}ZSOY and Tobias OTTERBRING and Sabine PAHL and PANASITI, {Maria Serena} and Yonguk PARK and PATWARY, {Muhammad Mainuddin} and Tatiana PETH{\"O} and Nadezhda PETROVA and Jakob PIETSCHNIG and Sadaf POURMAHMOUD and PRABHU, {Vishnunarayan Girishan} and Vita PO{\v S}TUVAN and Pavol PROKOP and {RAMSEYER WINTER}, {Virginia L.} and Magdalena RAZMUS and Taotao RU and Mirjana RUPAR and SAHLAN, {Reza N.} and HASSAN, {Mohammad Salah} and An{\d}ela {\v S}ALOV and Saphal SAPKOTA and SARFO, {Jacob Owusu} and Yoko SAWAMIYA and Katrin SCHAEFER and Michael SCHULTE-MECKLENBECK and Veya SEEKIS and Kerim SELVI and Mehdi SHARIFI and Anita SHRIVASTAVA and SIDDIQUE, {Rumana Ferdousi} and Valdimar SIGURDSSON and Vineta SILKANE and Ana {\v S}IMUNI{\'C} and Govind SINGH and Alena SLEZ{\'A}{\v C}KOV{\'A} and Christine SUNDGOT-BORGEN and {TEN HOOR}, Gill and Passagorn TEVICHAPONG and Arun TIPANDJAN and Jennifer TODD and Constantinos TOGAS and Fernando TONINI and TOVAR-CASTRO, {Juan Camilo} and TRANGSRUD, {Lise Katrine} and Pankaj TRIPATHI and Otilia TUDOREL and TYLKA, {Tracy L.} and Anar UYZBAYEVA and Zahir VALLY and Edmunds VANAGS and VEGA, {Luis Diego} and Aitor VICENTE-ARRUEBARRENA and Jose VIDAL-MOLL{\'O}N and Roosevelt VILAR and Hyxia VILLEGAS and Mona VINTIL{\u A} and Christoph WALLNER and WHITE, {Mathew P.} and Simon WHITEBRIDGE and Sonja WINDHAGER and WONG, {Kah Yan} and YAU, {Eric Kenson} and Yuko YAMAMIYA and YEUNG, {Victoria Wai} and ZANETTI, {Marcelo Callegari} and Magdalena ZAWISZA and Nadine ZEENI and Martina ZVAR{\'I}KOV{\'A} and Martin VORACEK",

note = "CRediT authorship contribution statement: Viren Swami: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Validation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Project administration. Ulrich S. Tran: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – original draft; Stefan Stieger: Conceptualization; Methodology; Validation; Writing – review & editing; Martin Voracek: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing. All Remaining Authors: Data curation; Investigation; Writing – review & editing. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.",

year = "2023",

month = sep,

doi = "10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.010",

language = "English",

volume = "46",

pages = "449--466",

journal = "Body Image",

issn = "1740-1445",

publisher = "Elsevier Ltd",

}

SWAMI, V, TRAN, US, STIEGER, S, AAVIK, T, RANJBAR, HA, ADEBAYO, SO, AFHAMI, R, AHMED, O, AIMÉ, A, AKEL, M, AL HALBUSI, H, ALEXIAS, G, ALI, KF, ALP-DAL, N, ALSALHANI, AB, ÁLVARES-SOLAS, S, AMARAL, AC, ANDRIANTO, S, ASPDEN, T, ARGYRIDES, M, ARUTA, JJ, ATKIN, S, AYANDELE, O, BACEVICIENE, M, BAHBOUH, R, BALLESIO, A, BARRON, D, BELLARD, A, BENDER, SS, BEYDAĞ, KD, BIROVLJEVIĆ, G, BLACKBURN, M-È, BORJA-ALVAREZ, T, BOROWIEC, J, BOZOGÁŇOVÁ, M, BRATLAND-SANDA, S, BROWNING, MHEM, BRYTEK-MATERA, A, BURAKOVA, M, ÇAKIR-KOÇAK, Y, CAMACHO, P, CAMILLERI, VE, CAZZATO, V, CEREA, S, CHAIWUTIKORNWANICH, A, CHALEERAKTRAKOON, T, CHAMBERS, T, CHEN, Q-W, CHEN, X, CHIEN, C-L, CHOBTHAMKIT, P, CHOOMPUNUCH, B, COMPTE, EJ, CORRIGAN, J, COSMAS, G, COWDEN, RG, CZEPCZOR-BERNAT, K, CZUB, M, DA SILVA, WR, DADFAR, M, DALLEY, SE, DANY, L, DATU, JA, BERBERT DE CARVALHO, PH, COELHO, GL, DE JESUS, AO, DEBBABI, SH, DHAKAL, S, DI BERNARDO, F, DIMITROVA, DD, DION, J, DIXSON, B, DONOFRIO, SM, DRYSCH, M, DU, H, DZHAMBOV, AM, EL-JOR, C, ENEA, V, ESKIN, M, FARBOD, F, FARRUGIA, L, FIAN, L, FISHER, ML, FOLWARCZNY, M, FREDERICK, DA, FULLER-TYSZKIEWICZ, M, FURNHAM, A, GARCÍA, AA, GELLER, S, GHISI, M, GHORBANI, A, MARTINEZ, MA, GRADIDGE, S, GRAF, S, GRANO, C, GYENE, G, HALLIT, S, HAMDAN, M, HANDELZALTS, JE, HANEL, PHP, HAWKS, SR, HEKMATI, I, HELMY, M, HILL, T, HINA, F, HOLENWEGER, G, HŘEBÍČKOVÁ, M, IJABADENIYI, OA, IMAM, A, İNCE, B, IRRAZABAL, N, JANKAUSKIENE, R, JIANG, D-Y, JIMÉNEZ-BORJA, M, JIMÉNEZ-BORJA, V, JOHNSON, EM, JOVANOVIĆ, V, JOVIĆ, M, JOVIĆ, M, JUNQUEIRA, AC, KAHLE, L-M, KANTANISTA, A, KARAKIRAZ, A, KARKIN, AN, KASTEN, E, KHATIB, S, KHIEOWAN, N, KIMONG, PJ, KIROPOULOS, L, KNITTEL, J, KOHLI, N, KOPRIVNIK, M, KOSPAKOV, A, KRÓL-ZIELIŃSKA, M, KRUG, I, KUAN, G, KUEH, YC, KUJAN, O, KUKIĆ, M, KUMAR, S, KUMAR, V, LAMBA, N, LAURI, MA, LAUS, MF, LEBLANC, LA, LEE, HJ, LIPOWSKA, M, LIPOWSKI, M, LOMBARDO, C, LUKÁCS, A, MAÏANO, C, MALIK, S, MANJARY, M, BALDÓ, LM, MARTINEZ-BANFI, M, MASSAR, K, MATERA, C, MCANIRLIN, O, MEBARAK, MR, MECHRI, A, MEIRELES, JF, MESKO, N, MILLS, J, MIYAIRI, M, MODI, R, MODRZEJEWSKA, A, MODRZEJEWSKA, J, MULGREW, KE, MYERS, TA, NAMATAME, H, NASSANI, MZ, NERINI, A, NETO, F, NETO, J, NEVES, AN, NG, S-K, NITHIYA, D, O, J, OBEID, S, ODA-MONTECINOS, C, OLAPEGBA, PO, OLONISAKIN, TT, OMAR, SS, ÖRLYGSDÓTTIR, B, ÖZSOY, E, OTTERBRING, T, PAHL, S, PANASITI, MS, PARK, Y, PATWARY, MM, PETHÖ, T, PETROVA, N, PIETSCHNIG, J, POURMAHMOUD, S, PRABHU, VG, POŠTUVAN, V, PROKOP, P, RAMSEYER WINTER, VL, RAZMUS, M, RU, T, RUPAR, M, SAHLAN, RN, HASSAN, MS, ŠALOV, A, SAPKOTA, S, SARFO, JO, SAWAMIYA, Y, SCHAEFER, K, SCHULTE-MECKLENBECK, M, SEEKIS, V, SELVI, K, SHARIFI, M, SHRIVASTAVA, A, SIDDIQUE, RF, SIGURDSSON, V, SILKANE, V, ŠIMUNIĆ, A, SINGH, G, SLEZÁČKOVÁ, A, SUNDGOT-BORGEN, C, TEN HOOR, G, TEVICHAPONG, P, TIPANDJAN, A, TODD, J, TOGAS, C, TONINI, F, TOVAR-CASTRO, JC, TRANGSRUD, LK, TRIPATHI, P, TUDOREL, O, TYLKA, TL, UYZBAYEVA, A, VALLY, Z, VANAGS, E, VEGA, LD, VICENTE-ARRUEBARRENA, A, VIDAL-MOLLÓN, J, VILAR, R, VILLEGAS, H, VINTILĂ, M, WALLNER, C, WHITE, MP, WHITEBRIDGE, S, WINDHAGER, S, WONG, KY, YAU, EK, YAMAMIYA, Y, YEUNG, VW, ZANETTI, MC, ZAWISZA, M, ZEENI, N, ZVARÍKOVÁ, M & VORACEK, M 2023, 'Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age', Body Image, vol. 46, pp. 449-466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.010

TY - JOUR

T1 - Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age

AU - SWAMI, Viren

AU - TRAN, Ulrich S.

AU - STIEGER, Stefan

AU - AAVIK, Toivo

AU - RANJBAR, Hamed Abdollahpour

AU - ADEBAYO, Sulaiman Olanrewaju

AU - AFHAMI, Reza

AU - AHMED, Oli

AU - AIMÉ, Annie

AU - AKEL, Marwan

AU - AL HALBUSI, Hussam

AU - ALEXIAS, George

AU - ALI, Khawla F.

AU - ALP-DAL, Nursel

AU - ALSALHANI, Anas B.

AU - ÁLVARES-SOLAS, Sara

AU - AMARAL, Ana Carolina

AU - ANDRIANTO, Sonny

AU - ASPDEN, Trefor

AU - ARGYRIDES, Marios

AU - ARUTA, John Jamir

AU - ATKIN, Stephen

AU - AYANDELE, Olusola

AU - BACEVICIENE, Migle

AU - BAHBOUH, Radvan

AU - BALLESIO, Andrea

AU - BARRON, David

AU - BELLARD, Ashleigh

AU - BENDER, Sóley Sesselja

AU - BEYDAĞ, Kerime Derya

AU - BIROVLJEVIĆ, Gorana

AU - BLACKBURN, Marie-Ève

AU - BORJA-ALVAREZ, Teresita

AU - BOROWIEC, Joanna

AU - BOZOGÁŇOVÁ, Miroslava

AU - BRATLAND-SANDA, Solfrid

AU - BROWNING, Matthew H.E.M.

AU - BRYTEK-MATERA, Anna

AU - BURAKOVA, Marina

AU - ÇAKIR-KOÇAK, Yeliz

AU - CAMACHO, Pablo

AU - CAMILLERI, Vittorio Emanuele

AU - CAZZATO, Valentina

AU - CEREA, Silvia

AU - CHAIWUTIKORNWANICH, Apitchaya

AU - CHALEERAKTRAKOON, Trawin

AU - CHAMBERS, Tim

AU - CHEN, Qing-Wei

AU - CHEN, Xin

AU - CHIEN, Chin-Lung

AU - CHOBTHAMKIT, Phatthanakit

AU - CHOOMPUNUCH, Bovornpot

AU - COMPTE, Emilio J.

AU - CORRIGAN, Jennifer

AU - COSMAS, Getrude

AU - COWDEN, Richard G.

AU - CZEPCZOR-BERNAT, Kamila

AU - CZUB, Marcin

AU - DA SILVA, Wanderson Roberto

AU - DADFAR, Mahboubeh

AU - DALLEY, Simon E.

AU - DANY, Lionel

AU - DATU, Jesus Alfonso

AU - BERBERT DE CARVALHO, Pedro Henrique

AU - COELHO, Gabriel Lins

AU - DE JESUS, Avila Odia

AU - DEBBABI, Sonia Harzallah

AU - DHAKAL, Sandesh

AU - DI BERNARDO, Francesca

AU - DIMITROVA, Donka D.

AU - DION, Jacinthe

AU - DIXSON, Barnaby

AU - DONOFRIO, Stacey M.

AU - DRYSCH, Marius

AU - DU, Hongfei

AU - DZHAMBOV, Angel M.

AU - EL-JOR, Claire

AU - ENEA, Violeta

AU - ESKIN, Mehmet

AU - FARBOD, Farinaz

AU - FARRUGIA, Lorleen

AU - FIAN, Leonie

AU - FISHER, Maryanne L.

AU - FOLWARCZNY, Michał

AU - FREDERICK, David A.

AU - FULLER-TYSZKIEWICZ, Matthew

AU - FURNHAM, Adrian

AU - GARCÍA, Antonio Alías

AU - GELLER, Shulamit

AU - GHISI, Marta

AU - GHORBANI, Alireza

AU - MARTINEZ, Maria Angeles

AU - GRADIDGE, Sarah

AU - GRAF, Sylvie

AU - GRANO, Caterina

AU - GYENE, Gyöngyvér

AU - HALLIT, Souheil

AU - HAMDAN, Motasem

AU - HANDELZALTS, Jonathan E.

AU - HANEL, Paul H.P.

AU - HAWKS, Steven R.

AU - HEKMATI, Issa

AU - HELMY, Mai

AU - HILL, Tetiana

AU - HINA, Farah

AU - HOLENWEGER, Geraldine

AU - HŘEBÍČKOVÁ, Martina

AU - IJABADENIYI, Olasupo Augustine

AU - IMAM, Asma

AU - İNCE, Başak

AU - IRRAZABAL, Natalia

AU - JANKAUSKIENE, Rasa

AU - JIANG, Ding-Yu

AU - JIMÉNEZ-BORJA, Micaela

AU - JIMÉNEZ-BORJA, Verónica

AU - JOHNSON, Evan M.

AU - JOVANOVIĆ, Veljko

AU - JOVIĆ, Marija

AU - JOVIĆ, Marko

AU - JUNQUEIRA, Alessandra Costa

AU - KAHLE, Lisa-Marie

AU - KANTANISTA, Adam

AU - KARAKIRAZ, Ahmet

AU - KARKIN, Ayşe Nur

AU - KASTEN, Erich

AU - KHATIB, Salam

AU - KHIEOWAN, Nuannut

AU - KIMONG, Patricia Joseph

AU - KIROPOULOS, Litza

AU - KNITTEL, Joshua

AU - KOHLI, Neena

AU - KOPRIVNIK, Mirjam

AU - KOSPAKOV, Aituar

AU - KRÓL-ZIELIŃSKA, Magdalena

AU - KRUG, Isabel

AU - KUAN, Garry

AU - KUEH, Yee Cheng

AU - KUJAN, Omar

AU - KUKIĆ, Miljana

AU - KUMAR, Sanjay

AU - KUMAR, Vipul

AU - LAMBA, Nishtha

AU - LAURI, Mary Anne

AU - LAUS, Maria Fernanda

AU - LEBLANC, Liza April

AU - LEE, Hyejoo J.

AU - LIPOWSKA, Małgorzata

AU - LIPOWSKI, Mariusz

AU - LOMBARDO, Caterina

AU - LUKÁCS, Andrea

AU - MAÏANO, Christophe

AU - MALIK, Sadia

AU - MANJARY, Mandar

AU - BALDÓ, Lidia Márquez

AU - MARTINEZ-BANFI, Martha

AU - MASSAR, Karlijn

AU - MATERA, Camila

AU - MCANIRLIN, Olivia

AU - MEBARAK, Moisés Roberto

AU - MECHRI, Anwar

AU - MEIRELES, Juliana Fernandes

AU - MESKO, Norbert

AU - MILLS, Jacqueline

AU - MIYAIRI, Maya

AU - MODI, Ritu

AU - MODRZEJEWSKA, Adriana

AU - MODRZEJEWSKA, Justyna

AU - MULGREW, Kate E.

AU - MYERS, Taryn A.

AU - NAMATAME, Hikari

AU - NASSANI, Mohammad Zakaria

AU - NERINI, Amanda

AU - NETO, Félix

AU - NETO, Joana

AU - NEVES, Angela Noguiera

AU - NG, Siu-Kuen

AU - NITHIYA, Devi

AU - O, Jiaqing

AU - OBEID, Sahar

AU - ODA-MONTECINOS, Camila

AU - OLAPEGBA, Peter Olamakinde

AU - OLONISAKIN, Tosin Tunrayo

AU - OMAR, Salma Samir

AU - ÖRLYGSDÓTTIR, Brynja

AU - ÖZSOY, Emrah

AU - OTTERBRING, Tobias

AU - PAHL, Sabine

AU - PANASITI, Maria Serena

AU - PARK, Yonguk

AU - PATWARY, Muhammad Mainuddin

AU - PETHÖ, Tatiana

AU - PETROVA, Nadezhda

AU - PIETSCHNIG, Jakob

AU - POURMAHMOUD, Sadaf

AU - PRABHU, Vishnunarayan Girishan

AU - POŠTUVAN, Vita

AU - PROKOP, Pavol

AU - RAMSEYER WINTER, Virginia L.

AU - RAZMUS, Magdalena

AU - RU, Taotao

AU - RUPAR, Mirjana

AU - SAHLAN, Reza N.

AU - HASSAN, Mohammad Salah

AU - ŠALOV, Anđela

AU - SAPKOTA, Saphal

AU - SARFO, Jacob Owusu

AU - SAWAMIYA, Yoko

AU - SCHAEFER, Katrin

AU - SCHULTE-MECKLENBECK, Michael

AU - SEEKIS, Veya

AU - SELVI, Kerim

AU - SHARIFI, Mehdi

AU - SHRIVASTAVA, Anita

AU - SIDDIQUE, Rumana Ferdousi

AU - SIGURDSSON, Valdimar

AU - SILKANE, Vineta

AU - ŠIMUNIĆ, Ana

AU - SINGH, Govind

AU - SLEZÁČKOVÁ, Alena

AU - SUNDGOT-BORGEN, Christine

AU - TEN HOOR, Gill

AU - TEVICHAPONG, Passagorn

AU - TIPANDJAN, Arun

AU - TODD, Jennifer

AU - TOGAS, Constantinos

AU - TONINI, Fernando

AU - TOVAR-CASTRO, Juan Camilo

AU - TRANGSRUD, Lise Katrine

AU - TRIPATHI, Pankaj

AU - TUDOREL, Otilia

AU - TYLKA, Tracy L.

AU - UYZBAYEVA, Anar

AU - VALLY, Zahir

AU - VANAGS, Edmunds

AU - VEGA, Luis Diego

AU - VICENTE-ARRUEBARRENA, Aitor

AU - VIDAL-MOLLÓN, Jose

AU - VILAR, Roosevelt

AU - VILLEGAS, Hyxia

AU - VINTILĂ, Mona

AU - WALLNER, Christoph

AU - WHITE, Mathew P.

AU - WHITEBRIDGE, Simon

AU - WINDHAGER, Sonja

AU - WONG, Kah Yan

AU - YAU, Eric Kenson

AU - YAMAMIYA, Yuko

AU - YEUNG, Victoria Wai

AU - ZANETTI, Marcelo Callegari

AU - ZAWISZA, Magdalena

AU - ZEENI, Nadine

AU - ZVARÍKOVÁ, Martina

AU - VORACEK, Martin

N1 - CRediT authorship contribution statement: Viren Swami: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Validation, Resources, Writing – original draft, Project administration. Ulrich S. Tran: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing – original draft; Stefan Stieger: Conceptualization; Methodology; Validation; Writing – review & editing; Martin Voracek: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Writing – review & editing. All Remaining Authors: Data curation; Investigation; Writing – review & editing. Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

PY - 2023/9

Y1 - 2023/9

N2 - The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset – with data collected between 2020 and 2022 – to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.

AB - The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) is a widely used measure of a core facet of the positive body image construct. However, extant research concerning measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across a large number of nations remains limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset – with data collected between 2020 and 2022 – to assess measurement invariance of the BAS-2 across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that full scalar invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional BAS-2 model has widespread applicability. There were large differences across nations and languages in latent body appreciation, while differences across gender identities and age groups were negligible-to-small. Additionally, greater body appreciation was significantly associated with higher life satisfaction, being single (versus being married or in a committed relationship), and greater rurality (versus urbanicity). Across a subset of nations where nation-level data were available, greater body appreciation was also significantly associated with greater cultural distance from the United States and greater relative income inequality. These findings suggest that the BAS-2 likely captures a near-universal conceptualisation of the body appreciation construct, which should facilitate further cross-cultural research.

KW - Body appreciation

KW - Body appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2)

KW - Measurement invariance

KW - Cross-cultural

KW - Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA)

KW - Psychometrics

KW - Structural analysis

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85170109975&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.010

DO - 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.07.010

M3 - Journal Article (refereed)

C2 - 37582318

SN - 1740-1445

VL - 46

SP - 449

EP - 466

JO - Body Image

JF - Body Image

ER -

Body appreciation around the world: Measurement invariance of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age

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