Confucian ethics and virtue ethics

In recent years there have been criticisms of theories of ethics by anti-theorists. According to them, there are weaknesses of ethical theories, regardless of their individual substantive content, which need investigation. Of the theories under review, the main ones are Kantian moral philosophy, utilitarianism, and contractarianism. There are neither formal nor informal alliances among anti-theorists, nor are there common grounds for their refutation of ethical theories. Nevertheless, universality and impartiality are generally understood by anti-theorists as the two significant characteristics possessed by theories that have undesirable implications