Next-gen energy solutions: Techno-economic optimizing fossil fuel facilities with liquid CO₂ storage and collins liquefaction cycle for peak load management and sustainable efficiency

Integrating LCES-Systems (liquid CO₂ energy storage) with fossil energy-driven facilities could enhance grid stability, improves plant efficiency, and reduces carbon emissions by storing excess energy for use during peak demand. Further research is needed on the technical feasibility, economic viability, and optimal integration of LCES-Systems with fossil energy-driven facilities, particularly regarding GLPs (gas liquefaction processes), heat management, and overall system efficiency. The paper introduces an innovative energy facility under the integrating fossil energy-driven facility with LCES-System that facilitates the provision of electricity, thermal energy, and cooling, while also assisting in peak load regulation. To enhance the power during peak periods an ejector-based refrigeration system was integrated through the integration of inherent heat sources, alongside the utilization of a refrigeration-process to transform compression energy within the facility into cooling capacity. The impact of a GLP (here, Collins cycle) on the efficacy is examined. Additionally, operation assessment metrics for the integrated energy facility are introduced, followed by comprehensive analyses encompassing thermodynamics and financial factors. From the outcomes, the hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer–Bat Algorithm could enhance energy efficiency by approximately 5.6 % points, reduce the payback period by roughly 0.4 years, and improve the ROI (Rate of return on investment) by over 3.5 %.