Perceived Ageism, Macro-Level Sociopolitical Factors, and Subjective Well-Being: A Cross-National Study of Older Adults in 43 Societies

Objectives
Ageism against older adults is a global concern with significant implications for health and well-being. While the individual-level consequences of ageism are well-documented, the moderating role of structural sociopolitical factors remains underexplored. This study addresses these gaps by examining the relationship between perceived ageism and subjective well-being among older adults and investigating how macro-level sociopolitical conditions (e.g., economic conditions, political systems, cultural values) moderate these effects.

Methods
We utilized data from the World Values Survey (Wave 6), comprising 15,697 older adults (aged 55+) across 43 countries. Perceived ageism was measured by negative age-related stereotypes and perceived social status devaluation. Subjective well-being was assessed using life satisfaction and happiness. Macro-level sociopolitical moderators included gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, political stability, individualism, and long-term orientation.

Results
Perceived ageism was negatively associated with both life satisfaction and happiness, after adjusting for sociodemographic variables and macro-level sociopolitical factors. Higher GDP per capita mitigated these adverse effects, suggesting that economic prosperity buffers against the negative impact of ageism. Conversely, political stability unexpectedly amplified the detrimental effects of ageism on subjective well-being. Additionally, long-term cultural orientation strengthened the negative association between age-related stereotypes and well-being, while individualism did not exhibit a significant moderating effect.

Discussion
These findings highlight the crucial role of structural conditions in shaping the well-being outcomes of ageism. By demonstrating how economic and political contexts influence the consequences of ageism, this study provides valuable insights for policymakers aiming to develop targeted interventions and policies that promote the well-being of older populations.