Technological, economic and financial prospects of carbon dioxide capture in the cement industry

Cement is the second largest anthropogenic emission source, contributing approximately 7% of global CO₂ emissions. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology is considered by the International Energy Agency (IEA) as an essential technology capable of reducing CO₂ emissions in the cement sector by 56% by 2050. The study compares CO₂ capture technologies for the cement manufacturing process and analyses the economic and financial issues in deploying CO₂ capture in the cement industry. Post-combustion capture with chemical absorption is regarded as a proven technology to capture CO₂ from the calcination process. Oxyfuel is less mature but Oxyfuel partial capture-which only recycles O₂/CO₂ gas in the precalciner-is estimated to be more economic than post-combustion capture. Carbonate looping technologies are not yet commercial, but they have theoretical advantages in terms of energy consumption. In contrast with coal-fired power plants, CO₂ capture in the cement industry benefits from a higher concentration of CO₂ in the flue gas, but the benefit is offset by higher SO_x and NO_x levels and the smaller scale of emissions from each plant. Concerning the prospects for financing cement plant CO₂ capture, large cement manufacturers on average have a higher ROE (return on equity) and lower debt ratio, thus a higher discount rate should be considered for the cost analysis than in power plants. IEA estimates that the incremental cost for deploying CCS to decarbonise the global cement sector is in the range US$350-840 billion. The cost estimates for deploying state-of-the art post-combustion CO₂ capture technologies in cement plants are above $60 to avoid each tonne of CO₂ emissions. However, the expectation is that the current market can only provide a minority of financial support for CO₂ capture in cement plants. Public financial support and/or CO₂ utilisation will be essential to trigger large-scale CCS demonstration projects in the cement industry. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.