The interfacial reactions of Mg battery anodes

Mg batteries have high energy density, economic safety, and environmental friendliness. They show great potential as an ideal energy storage technology. This review summarizes the limitations of Mg batteries and explores the complex reactions at the Mg anode/electrolyte interface. It focuses on critical issues such as the dissolution of Mg anodes, the evolution of hydrogen gas, the formation of a passivation layer that hinders Mg²⁺ migration, and dendrite growth. To address these interface problems, the review discusses strategies to improve interface reactions. These include the structural design of Mg anodes, suitable substitute materials for the anode, and artificial solid electrolyte interphase films. Finally, it outlines the future research directions for the ideal Mg anode interfaces. The goal is to develop more efficient interface design schemes and optimization strategies to advance Mg battery technology further.