The Westerner: Matteo Ricci’s World Map and the Quandaries of European Identity in the Late Ming Dynasty

Beginning with the late Ming dynasty, Europeans in China assumed the name of “people from the Great Western Ocean” (Daxiyang ren 大西洋人), often shortened to “Ocean people” (yang ren 洋人) or “Western people” (xi ren 西人). What is the origin of this name? This paper seeks to answer this question by suggesting a new interpretation of the cartography of Matteo Ricci. Much of the scholarly debate about the Ricci world map revolves around the notion that it was a scientific artifact meant to present an accurate image of the world to a willfully ignorant, but otherwise impressive civilization. This paper argues instead that the purpose of Ricci’s cartographic project was to sustain a new identity, that of the Westerner and of the “Great West,” notions created in translation by borrowing and modifying Ming China’s geopolitical vocabulary.