Triple-Glazed Windows with Phase Change Materials and Aerogel: Thermal Performance Across Diverse Climate Zones

This study presents an advanced energy balance mathematical model for triple-glazed windows incorporating silica aerogel insulation material (SAIM) and phase change material (PCM), addressing limitations in traditional simulation and experimental methods for rapid and reliable results. Using a self-programmed approach, experimental validation, and numerical simulations, the study assesses the thermal characteristics and energy savings of six triple-glazed window configurations across five representative climate zones in China (Daqing, Changchun, Beijing, Hong Kong, and Haikou). Unlike previous studies, it employs a cross-scale, multi-physics coupling method to simulate photothermal conversion, energy consumption, and building orientation effects. The results show that triple-glazed windows with PCM and SAIM outperform traditional systems, offering superior thermal insulation and adaptability to dynamic climates. In cold climates such as Changchun, the Glazing-PCM-Glazing-SAIM-Glazing configuration demonstrated exceptional insulation performance, achieving the indoor surface at 24.7°C, reducing heat loss to 785.6 kJ/m2·d, and saving 15.5% of energy. In the tropical climate of Haikou, the Reflective Glazing-PCM-Glazing-SAIM-Glazing configuration minimized heat gain to 382 kJ/m2·d, maintained an indoor surface temperature of 25.6°C, and achieved an impressive energy-saving rate of 74.8%. Orientation also played a significant role in performance, with the north-facing orientation saving 11% of energy, while the west-facing orientation experienced a 20% energy loss.