Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Ganoderma lucidum: From Bioactive Compounds to Clinical Translation

Ganoderma lucidum, a revered medicinal mushroom with a rich history in traditional East Asian medicine, has garnered significant scientific attention for its diverse pharmacological properties. This comprehensive review synthesises recent advancements in understanding the phytochemistry, biological activities and therapeutic applications of G. lucidum. We delve into the intricate composition of its bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, triterpenoids, sterols and phenolic compounds, elucidating their mechanisms of action in immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory responses, antioxidant defence, hepatoprotection and anticancer potential. Furthermore, this review examines emerging applications in nanotechnology, where G. lucidum extracts are utilised for the green synthesis of nanoparticles and as components in advanced drug delivery systems, antimicrobial nanomaterials and biosensors. We also discuss its expanding role in nutraceuticals, functional foods and cosmeceuticals, highlighting its anti-aging, skin-brightening and calming properties. Finally, the safety profile and toxicological evaluations of G. lucidum are critically assessed, alongside its growing economic significance. This review underscores the immense therapeutic potential of G. lucidum as a natural resource for modern medicine and biotechnology, while also identifying key challenges and future directions for research to facilitate its broader clinical and industrial translation.